Pensum/læringskrav

John McMurry: Organic Chemistry. With Biological Applications, 2010. Thomson, Brooks/Cole. ISBN:  0-495-39147-6.

I tillegg til kapitlene i læreboken som er angitt nedenfor, er laboratoriekurset pensum.

Kompendiet for laboratoriekurset vil være til salgs hos Akademika, anslagsvis fra midten av februar 2011. Videre informasjon vil bli gitt som melding på semesterside og i Classfronter.

Kap. 3 Organic Compounds: Alkanes and their stereochemistry

• 3.1. Functional groups
• 3.2. Alkanes and alkane isomers
• 3.3. Alkyl groups
• 3.4. Naming alkanes
• 3.5. Properties of alkanes
• 3.6. Conformations of ethane
• 3.7. Conformations of other alkanes

Kap. 4 Organic Compounds: Cycloalkanes and their stereochemistry

• 4.1. Naming cycloalkanes
• 4.2. Cis-trans isomerism in cycloalkanes
• 4.3. Stability of cycloalkanes: Ring strain
• 4.4. Conformations of cycloalkanes
• 4.5. Conformations of cyclohexane
• 4.6. Axial and equatorial bonds in cyclohexane
• 4.7. Conformations of monosubstituted cyclohexanes
• 4.8. Conformations of disubstituted cyclohexanes
• 4.9. Conformations of polycyclic molecules

Kap. 5 Stereochemistry at Tetrahedral Centers

• 5.1. Enantiomers and the tetrahedral carbon
• 5.2. The reason for handedness in molecules: Chirality
• 5.3. Optical activity
• 5.4. Pasteur's discovery of enantiomers
• 5.5. Sequence rules for specifying configuration
• 5.6. Diastereomers
• 5.7. Meso compounds
• 5.8. Racemic mixtures and the resolution of enantiomers
• 5.9. A brief review of isomerism
• 5.10. Chirality at nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur
• 5.11. Prochirality
• 5.12. Chirality in nature and chiral environments

Kap. 6 An Overview of Organic Reactions

• 6.1. Kinds of organic reactions
• 6.2. How organic reactions occur: Mechanisms
• 6.3. Radical reactions
• 6.4. Polar reactions
• 6.5. An example of a polar reaction: Addition of H2O to ethylene
• 6.6. Using curved arrows in polar reaction mechanisms
• 6.7. Describing a reaction: Equilibria, rates, and energy changes
• 6.8. Describing a reaction: Bond dissociation energies
• 6.9. Describing a reaction: Energy diagrams and transition states
• 6.10. Describing a reaction: Intermediates

Kap. 7 Alkenes and Alkynes

• 7.1. Calculating a degree of unsaturation
• 7.2. Naming alkenes and alkynes
• 7.3. Cis-trans isomerism in alkenes
• 7.4. Alkene stereochemistry and the E,Z designation
• 7.5. Stability of alkenes
• 7.6. Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes
• 7.7. Orientation of electrophilic addition: Markovnikov’s Rule
• 7.8. Carbocation structure and stability
• 7.9. The Hammond Postulate
• 7.10. Evidence for the mechanism of electrophilic additions: Carbocation rearrangements

Kap. 8 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes

• 8.1. Preparation of alkenes: A preview of elimination reactions
• 8.2. Halogenation of alkenes
• 8.3. Halohydrins from alkenes
• 8.4. Hydration of alkenes
• 8.5. Reduction of alkenes: Hydrogenation
• 8.6. Oxidation of alkenes: Epoxidation
• 8.7. Oxidation of alkenes: Hydroxylation
• 8.8. Oxidation of alkenes: Cleavage to carbonyl compounds
• 8.15. Reactions of alkynes

Kap. 9 Aromatic Compounds

• 9.1. Naming aromatic compounds
• 9.2. Structure and stability of benzene
• 9.3. Aromaticity and the Hückel 4n+2 rule
• 9.4. Aromatic ions and aromatic heterocycles
• 9.5. Polycyclic aromatic compounds
• 9.6. Reactions of aromatic compounds: Electrophilic substitution
• 9.7. Alkylation and acylation of aromatic rings: The Friedel-Crafts reaction
• 9.8. Substituent effects in electrophilic substitutions
• 9.10. Oxidation and reduction of aromatic compounds
• 9.11. An introduction to organic synthesis: Polysubstituted benzenes

Kap. 10 Structure Determination: Mass Spectrometry, Infrared Spectroscopy, and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy

• 10.5. Spectroscopy and the electromagnetic spectrum
• 10.6. Infrared spectroscopy
• 10.7. Interpreting infrared spectra
• 10.8. Infrared spectra of some common functional groups

Kap. 11 Structure Determination: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

• 11.1. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
• 11.2. The nature of NMR absorptions
• 11.3. Chemical shifts
• 11.5. Characteristics of 13C NMR spectroscopy
• 11.9. Chemical shifts in 1H NMR spectroscopy
• 11.10. Integration of 1H NMR absorptions: Proton counting
• 11.11. Spin-spin splitting in 1H NMR spectra

Kap. 12 Organohalides: Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations

• 12.1. Names and structures of alkyl halides
• 12.2. Preparing alkyl halides from alkenes: Allylic bromination
• 12.3. Preparing alkyl halides from alcohols
• 12.4. Reactions of alkyl halides: Grignard reagents
• 12.5. Discovery of the nucleophilic substitution reaction
• 12.6. The SN2 reaction
• 12.7. Characteristics of the SN2 reaction
• 12.8. The SN1 reaction
• 12.9. Characteristics of the SN1 reaction
• 12.11. Elimination reactions: Zaitzev's rule
• 12.12. The E2 reaction
• 12.13. The E1 and E1cB reactions
• 12.15. A summary of reactivity: SN1, SN2, E1, E1cB, and E2

Kap. 13 Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols; Ethers and Sulfides

• 13.1. Naming alcohols, phenols, and thiols
• 13.2. Properties of alcohols, phenols, and thiols
• 13.3. Preparing alcohols from carbonyl compounds
• 13.4. Reactions of alcohols
• 13.5. Oxidation of alcohols and phenols
• 13.6. Protection of alcohols
• 13.7. Preparation and reactions of thiols
• 13.8. Ethers and sulfides
• 13.9. Preparing ethers
• 13.10. Reactions of ethers
• 13.11. Preparation and reactions of sulfides
• 13.12. Spectroscopy of alcohols, phenols, and ethers

Kap. 14 Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

• 14.1. Naming aldehydes and ketones
• 14.2. Preparing aldehydes and ketones
• 14.3. Oxidation of aldehydes
• 14.4. Nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones
• 14.5. Nucleophilic addition of H2O: Hydration
• 14.6. Nucleophilic addition of Grignard and hydride reagents: Alcohol formation
• 14.7. Nucleophilic addition of amines: Imine and enamine formation
• 14.8. Nucleophilic addition of alcohols: Acetal formation
• 14.9. Nucleophilic addition of phosphorus ylides: The Wittig reaction
• 14.12. Spectroscopy of aldehydes and ketones

Kap. 15 Carbocylic Acids and Nitriles

• 15.1. Naming carboxylic acids and nitriles
• 15.2. Structure and properties of carboxylic acids
• 15.3. Biological acids and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
• 15.4. Substituent effects on acidity
• 15.5. Preparaing carboxylic acids
• 15.6. Reactions of carboxylic acids: An overview
• 15.7. Chemistry of nitriles
• 15.8. Spectroscopy of carboxylic acids and nitriles

Kap. 16 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions

• 16.1. Naming carboxylic acid derivatives
• 16.2. Nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions
• 16.3. Nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions of carboxylic acids
• 16.4. Chemistry of acid halides
• 16.5. Chemistry of acid anhydrides
• 16.6. Chemistry of esters
• 16.7. Chemistry of amides
• 16.9. Polyamides and polyesters: Step-growth polymers
• 16.10. Spectroscopy of carboxylic acid derivatives

Kap. 18 Amines and Heterocycles

• 18.1 Naming amines
• 18.2 Properties of amines
• 18.3 Basicity of amines
• 18.4 Basicity of substituted arylamines
• 18.10. Spectroscopy of amines

Totalt 415 sider